PETROLEUM ETHER
CASRN: 8030-30-6 For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
... Petroleum ether applied to the skin may ... induce severe
irritation ... .
Subjective symptoms originating from the central nervous system,
such as headache, fatigue, poor concentration, emotional instability,
impaired memory and other intellectual functions, and impaired
psychomotor performance have been reported in a series of
cross-sectional studies of paint industry workers, house painters, car
painters, shipyard painters and floorlayers, all of whom had been
exposed to a mixture of solvents, including petroleum solvents ...
Some of these are short- or mid-term effects, others are potentially
persistent. In some studies, dose-response relationships were observed
between symptoms and lifetime exposure (duration and intensity) to
solvents. /Petroleum solvents/
A rubber solvent /SRP: C5-C7 aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons/
induced chromosomal aberrations but not sister chromatid exchange in
human whole-blood cultures ... . /Rubber solvent/
In workers exposed to a glue solvent (rubber solvent; C5-C7
aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons), indications of slight renal
tubular effects were reported ... . /Rubber solvent/
A case-control study of cancer at many sites was performed in
Montreal, Canada, to generate hypotheses on potential occupational
carcinogens ... About 20 types of cancer were included, and, for each
cancer site analyzed, controls were selected from among cases of
cancer at other sites. Job histories and information on possible
confounders were obtained by interview from 3726 men aged 35-70 years
with cancer diagnosed at one of 19 participating hospitals between
1979 and 1985. The response rate was 82%. Each job was translated into
a series of potential exposures by a team of chemists and hygienists
using a check-list of 300 of the most common occupational exposures in
Montreal. Cumulative indices of exposure were estimated for a number
of occupational exposures: exposure below the median was considered to
be 'nonsubstantial' and that above the median to be 'substantial'.
Risks associated with exposure to petroleum-derived liquids were
analyzed separately. A total of 739 men were classified as having been
potentially exposed to 'mineral spirits'. The term 'mineral spirits'
included white spirits, Stoddard solvent, VM & P naphtha, rubber
solvent, benzine and ligroin (30-90% aliphatics, 1-20% aromatics).
Those with long (>20 years), substantial potential exposure were found
to have a RR for squamous-cell cancer of the lung of 1.7 (90% CI,
1.2-2.3), based on 44 cases, and a RR for prostatic cancer of 1.8 (90%
CI, 1.3-2.6), based on 43 cases. Men with 'substantial' exposure also
had a RR for Hodgkin's lymphoma of 2.0 (90% CI, 1.0-4.1), based on 12
cases. There was no increased risk for cancers of the bladder (1.0;
0.8-1.2; 91 cases) or kidney (1.1; 0.8-1.4; 39 cases) or for
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (0.8; 0.6-1.1; 35 cases). The risks were
adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, ethnic group, cigarette
smoking and blue-/white-collar job history, and for all potential
confounders on which information was available. Of the 739 exposed
men, 21% had been employed in the construction trade, mostly as
painters.
Acute neurotoxic effects of petroleum ether include anesthesia,
euphoria, abuse, vertigo, and limb numbness. Chronic neurotoxic
effects include motor polyneuropathy /From table/
... Patch-tested petroleum solvents of various boiling ranges on
the skin of human volunteers. They found a correlation between the
boiling ranges of the petroleum products of paraffinic origin and
their irritant and defatting action on the skin. Both effects
decreased, the higher the boiling range. Petroleum solvents with
boiling ranges up to and including that of kerosene (approx 230 deg C)
were found to be primary irritants. Petroleum solvents of naphthenic
origin or with a high aromatic content were more irritant than
solvents of paraffinic origin of the same boiling range. The skin of
Negroes showed a higher tolerance than that of Caucasians. /Petroleum
solvents/
The effects of various solvents on the horny layer of the skin were
examined ... They found that petroleum ether (SBP 40/65) caused
serious irritation of human forearm skin, when applied for periods of
10-30 min. When applied for 15 min on 6 successive days, injury
occurred in the horny layer. Recovery - as measured by water vapor
loss - could take up to 6 wk. The skin irritation and the changes in
the composition of the horny layer were independent phenomena.
... Studied the gynecological disease rate in more than 5000 female
operators in plants producing rubber articles (petroleum solvent vapor
concn in the air of 250-350 mg/cu m). They observed disturbances in
the menstrual cycle in workers with more than 5 years' service and a
high frequency of metrorrhagia. As the period of service increased, a
reduction in the frequency of miscarriages was noticed, which was
interpreted by the authors as possible adaptation. A disturbance of
the ovarian function was noted in 24.4% of the workers examined,
mostly in the form of a functional deficiency of corpus luteum.
/Petroleum solvent vapor/
Women who had been in contact with petroleum solvents were found to
have a reduced estrogen level in the blood. ... Essentially, no
changes were observed in the excretion of the follicle-stimulating and
luteinizing hormone pregnanediol. /Petroleum solvents/
... Studied lactation in 332 nursing mothers 288 of whom worked in
the rubber industry (vulcanizers, pressers, gluers). The concn of
petroleum solvents (the physicochemical properties of which are not
described) in the air of the operating premises was predominantly 300
mg/cu m. Hypolactation, found in 23.8% of the women compared with 6.7%
in the control group was related to length of service. Hydrocarbon
solvents were found in the milk of all the persons examined (71) in
concn of 0.50 + or - 0.05 mg to 0.60 + or - 0.09 mg/l. The serotonin
content of the blood of these women was significantly lower than in
the control group. It is assumed that hypolactation was the result of
the effect of solvents on the lactation control mechanism via the
hypothalamus and the serotoninergic system. /Petroleum solvents/
Most cases, however, /of accidental ingestion of petroleum
solvents/ are caused by gasoline and kerosene and fewer by petroleum
solvents. The symptomatology is the same in all cases. Coughing,
choking, and gagging are often noted at the time of ingestion of these
substances. Respiratory embarrassment may be present early, indicating
the aspiration has taken place. Epigastric discomfort may develop,
followed by vomiting with a further risk of aspiration. ... In cases
where aspiration does not take place, and especially with the
lower-boiling solvents, CNS symptoms may develop such as lethargy,
convulsions, and coma. With smaller doses, the symptoms include
vertigo, headache, and signs of drunkenness. Nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea may occur and the stools may be blood-tainted. In
uncomplicated cases, the GI symptoms will disappear within 48 hr.
Pulmonary symptomatology will not develop, if aspiration has not
occurred and if there was no massive exposure to vapors ... Chemical
pneumonitis with pulmonary oedema and hemorrhagic frothy sputum may
develop extremely rapidly following aspiration of petroleum solvents.
Roentgenographic changes may be seen within a few hours, especially at
the lung bases. Later, bacterial pneumonia can complicate the
situation.
In 1971, ... examined employees working in a furniture factory who
were exposed to n-hexane. Air samples of hexane were found to average
2286 mg/cu m and peaked at 4573 mg/cu m. The patients complained of
one or more of the following symptoms: abdominal cramps, burning
sensations, numbness and weakness of the distal extremities, and
paresthesia. The peripheral neuropathy (sensory and motor) caused by
n-hexane is due to the metabolite 2,5-hexanedione. /n-Hexane/
Petroleum naphtha vapor is a CNS depressant as well as an irritant
of the mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Exposure to high concn
of the vapor can produce headache, dizziness, nausea, and shortness of
breath. Dermal contact to vapor or liquid can produce dermatitis.
A petroleum distillate with a viscosity below 45 SSU (Sable
universal seconds, petroleum ether) petroleum naphtha, gasoline,
mineral spirits, kerosene, lamp oil, and mineral seal oil) is highly
toxic by aspiration.
Aspiration of a petroleum distillate results in chemical
pneumonitis. Bronchospasm, hyperemia, edema, and atelectasis are
noted. Diffuse hemorrhagic alveolitis with granulocytic infiltrates
occurs soon after aspiration and peaks at about 3 days. Frank necrosis
of bronchial, bronchiolar, and alveolar tissues can occur, along with
vascular thrombosis and micro abscess formation. A late proliferative
process with alveolar thickening may occur later and peaks at about 10
days. Late complications may include bacterial pneumonia, residual
small airway abnormalities, and pneumatoceles. /Petroleum distillates/
Upper airway pathology may occur with or without aspiration and
includes hyperemia, mucosal irritation, and inflammation of the
oropharynx. /Petroleum distillates/
Although petroleum distillates are poorly absorbed from the GI
tract, some systemic absorption does occur. The GI pathology of
petroleum distillate ingestion is generally mild and self limited.
Mucosal inflammation and superficial ulceration is common, and
although fatty infiltration of the liver may occur, frank necrosis is
uncommon. Petroleum distillate ingestion may cause myocarditis and
mild degenerative changes of myofibrils. At least one case of
petroleum distillate ingestion resulted in electrocardiographic and
vectorcardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction. Petroleum
distillates are said to sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines.
Petroleum distillates have also been reported to cause intravascular
hemolysis and renal damage, which usually consists of mild
degenerative changes of the renal tubules but may rarely result in
acute tubular necrosis. /Petroleum distillates/
... A wide range of presentations occurs, from the asymptomatic
patient to the patient with significant pulmonary or neurologic
manifestations. ... Presenting symptoms and signs, however, are
usually related to three main organ systems: pulmonary, central
nervous, and GI. /Petroleum distillates/
Complaints relating to pulmonary involvement include coughing
paroxysms, choking, or gagging, and these are indicative of a high
likelihood of aspiration. Symptoms of CNS involvement include
light-headedness, headache, visual changes, impaired memory, or
unusual behavior. Physical exam may reveal fever, tachypnea, and
tachycardia. Stridor may be present and is an indication to consider
upper respiratory obstruction as an immediate concern. ... Dyspnea,
tachypnea, tachycardia, intercostal retractions, and nasal flaring are
often noted within 30 min of aspiration, but may not manifest for up
to 2 days. Auscultation may reveal rales, wheezes, or coarse or
decreased breath sounds, specially in the lower lobes. /Petroleum
distillates/
... The general effects of intoxication are peripheral nerve
disorders, CNS depression, and skin and respiratory irritation ... .
Ingestion of furniture polish or lighter fluid which may contain
ligroin has caused chemical pneumonia and pneumatoceles in children.
On human skin, it has caused erythema, edema, disruption of the
horny layer, and peeling.
Acute inhalation of petroleum ether, when mistakenly used as an
anesthetic agent, caused reversible cerebral edema.
Numerous reports point to the neurotoxic effects on prolonged
inhalation of petroleum ether in inadequately ventilated business
establishments where employees experienced polyneuropathy. Signs and
symptoms included loss of appetite, muscle weakness, impairment of
motor action, and paresthesia ... .
The association between recent and long term naphtha exposure and
urinary markers of renal dysfunction was studied among workers at a
facility that made fuel injectors for motor vehicles. Renal function
was assessed at two time points separated by a 1 year interval with
relatively high exposure to naphtha and a comparison group with low
exposure. In June of 1988 248 subjects participated of whom 181
participated again in June of 1989. Urine samples were collected and a
self administered questionnaire concerning confounding variables was
provided. Naphtha air concentrations ranged from 9 to 590 mg/cu m in
June of 1988 and from 4 to 790 mg/cu m in June of 1989. Naphtha levels
were significantly higher inside calibration rooms than outside
calibration rooms . Fluctuations in measures of renal function among
17 individuals over one work week period indicated no changes
associated with naphtha exposure. In longitudinal analyses there was a
change in beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase which was positively
associated with the change in recent naphtha exposure. The /results
suggest/ that this study does not provide strong evidence of an
association between either cumulative or recent exposure to naphtha
and adverse renal effects on this group of naphtha exposed workers.
The neuropsychological effects of exposure to naphtha in automotive
factory workers were investigated. A total of 248 workers (119 from
calibration rooms and 129 from outside) participated in June 1988 and
185 workers (87 from inside and 98 from outside the calibration rooms)
did so again in June 1989. The naphtha blend used was 50% paraffins,
25% monocyclic naphthenes, 18% benzenes and less than 5% each of
dicyclic naphthenes, indans or teralins, naphthalenes, and olefins.
Mean naphtha air levels were calculated from 514 personal air samples.
Behavioral functions were measured through questionnaires and
psychological tests on mood states (MS), trails (Tr), delayed
recognition (DR), visual reproduction (VR), pattern memory (PM),
symbol/digit substitution (SD), vocabulary (VO), the Wisconsin card
sorting test (WCST), and the Rey Osterreith complex figure test (ROT).
Results showed that mean naphtha levels were significantly higher in
calibration rooms than outside and higher in June 1988 than in June
1989. Of the subjective symptoms, fatigue was the most intensely
endorsed at all threshold values. Nausea and inflamed gums were
significantly associated with cumulative exposures in 1988. Of the
behavioral tests, Tr, WCST, and VR were marginally associated with
cumulative exposure in 1988. Threshold models showed that for 1988,
the strongest association was with Tr; a significant association with
SD was evident in the 90th percentile threshold model. For 1989, the
only test with significant association in the no threshold model was
SD. It showed a significant increase in the 90th percentile threshold
model and showed a significant association for VR. Longitudinal
multiple regression models showed significant associations with acute
exposure for SD and MS, with marginal significance for Tr. The
/results suggest that/ that the effects of naphtha exposure are mild
and transitory and recommend factory ventilation systems to limit
exposure to less than 90 ppm/hr.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Petroleum naphtha vapor is an irritant of the mucous membranes and
respiratory tract. /Petroleum naptha/
Populations at Special Risk:
Pre-existing skin disease may increase the susceptibility of the
skin to the effects of contact with petroleum solvents and will also
facilitate uptake by this route ... . /Petroleum solvents/
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure to hydrocarbons, such as petroleum ether, can
occur through inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion(1). Personnel
exposure to petroleum ether through various normal household
activities and for small businesses in ppm are as follows: average
material handling, 0.46; average laboratory, 0.09 (both for a
large-scale hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facility); varnishing/sealing household wooden doors, 34.74; activity
in a paint mixing booth, 0.16; automotive brake and rotor cleaning,
0.314; emptying/cleaning fuel oil holding tank, 0.17; and refinishing
furniture, 2.872; concentrations in various work area monitoring
results in ppm are as follows: average work area vapor concentration
(for a large-scale hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facility), 0.22; paint booth mixing room, 0.068; wooden door
staining-room, 18.721; household remodeling - bathroom, 0.1; and
household paint stripping-room, 7.326(2).
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-3) has statistically estimated that 387,363
workers are potentially exposed to petroleum ether in the USA(1).
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant for
this HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) ACUTE EFFECTS of INGESTION - SIMPLE PETROLEUM
DISTILLATES - Low viscosity, highly volatile
hydrocarbons (e.g., kerosene, gasoline, liquid
furniture polish) are chiefly aspiration hazards.
Pulmonary damage, transient CNS depression or
excitement and secondary effects of hypoxia, infection,
pneumatocele formation, and chronic lung dysfunction
can occur. Cardiac complications are rare.
1) These hydrocarbons are poorly absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract and do not cause appreciable
systemic toxicity by this route unless aspiration has
occurred.
2) ACUTE EFFECTS of INGESTION - CHLORINATED AND AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS - Many chlorinated, aromatic and other
substituted hydrocarbons can produce systemic toxicity
following ingestion. CNS, respiratory depression,
arrhythmias, gastrointestinal disturbances and other
effects may occur depending on the agent and amount
ingested.
B) ACUTE EFFECTS of INHALATION - Cardiac arrhythmias and
CNS depression are major concerns of acute exposure.
Straight chain hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms
(e.g., methane, ethane, propane gases) can cause
asphyxiation if exposure occurs in poorly ventilated
spaces.
1) INHALATIONAL ABUSE ("sniffing") of some hydrocarbons
can result in sudden death, encephalopathy, residual
neurological impairment, nephrotoxicity,
hepatotoxicity, acid-base disturbances and
rhabdomyolysis.
C) INJECTION of kerosene, naphtha, turpentine, gasoline,
or hydrocarbon insecticides has resulted in febrile
reactions, local tissue inflammation and systemic
effects, including pulmonary edema, pneumonia and mild
CNS depression. Injection of pressurized hydrocarbons
has caused severe tissue damage.
D) DERMAL/EYE - Mild to moderate eye irritation and
reversible ocular injury may occur after contact with
most hydrocarbons. Acute but prolonged exposure to some
hydrocarbons can result in dermal burns and
occasionally, systemic effects. Frostbite can result
from contact with some liquefied gases (e.g. propane,
methane, ethane).
E) CHRONIC EFFECTS - Long term or repeated exposure to
certain aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons can
result in hematologic (e.g., benzene), hepatotoxic
(e.g., chlorinated hydrocarbons), renal (e.g.,
chlorinated hydrocarbons), neuropsychiatric (e.g.,
toluene), neurological (e.g., n-hexane) and
carcinogenic (eg, benzene, vinyl chloride) effects.
1) Some effects have occurred primarily in chronic
solvent abusers or glue sniffers. Example:
neuropsychiatric, renal and hepatic effects of toluene
2) Chronic or repeated exposure can result in skin
irritation due to defatting of the skin. Greases, coal
pitch and cutting oils can produce acne and
folliculitis. Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon
exposure can result in chloracne.
F) TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS include -
1) LOW VISCOSITY, UNSUBSTITUTED - Hydrocarbons with low
viscosity (less than 100 S.U.S.), low surface tension,
and high volatility are most likely to cause
aspiration pneumonitis. Vapor inhalation can cause CNS
depression or excitation and other effects. Examples:
kerosene, mineral seal oil, gasoline, petroleum
naphtha
2) HIGH VISCOSITY, UNSUBSTITUTED ALIPHATIC - Hydrocarbons
with high viscosity and low volatility are less likely
to be aspirated after ingestion and are generally
poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Petroleum jelly may cause a mild laxative effect. Oil
mist inhalation may cause lipoid pneumonia. Examples:
motor oil, petroleum jelly
3) TERPENES - In addition to aspiration, these tend to
produce a mild CNS depression after ingestion.
Examples: turpentine oil, pine oil. Pine oil cleaners
may contain approximately 10 percent isopropyl alcohol
and other additives which may contribute to the
observed toxic effects.
4) AROMATICS - These have a high potential for CNS
depression, a mild tendency to cause cardiac
irritation, and little risk of aspiration. Adverse
effects can result from vapor inhalation, ingestion or
skin exposure. Examples: benzene, xylene. Many
polyaromatic hydrocarbons are potential carcinogens.
5) HALOGENATED-CHLORINATED - These can produce CNS
effects, arrhythmias, renal and hepatic effects.
Aspiration is a small risk. Adverse effects can result
from vapor inhalation, ingestion or skin exposure.
Examples: chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
trichloroethylene
6) Brominated hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons,
alcohols, esters, ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides, and other hydrocarbons are covered in
other managements.
0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Dysrhythmias may occur following inhalation.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Coughing, choking, tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, rales,
hemoptysis, pulmonary edema, pneumatoceles, lipoid
pneumonia, or respiratory arrest may develop following
ingestion and aspiration.
B) Respiratory arrest can occur secondary to CNS
depression following vapor inhalation. Intravenous
injection of turpentine immediately resulted in
pulmonary edema and hypoxia in 1 case.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Mild central nervous system depression or excitation
may occur after ingestion or vapor inhalation. CNS
effects can occur secondary to hydrocarbon pneumonitis
and hypoxia, or from additives and contaminants
(aniline, heavy metals, camphor, or pesticides). Some
hydrocarbons are simple asphyxiants (e.g., methane,
ethane, propane gasses) which can produce CNS effects
secondary to hypoxia.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may
occur following ingestion.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Elevated transaminases may occasionally occur following
ingestion or vapor inhalation of some hydrocarbons.
Carbon tetrachloride is a potent hepatotoxin which can
produce potentially fatal hepatorenal damage following
ingestion, inhalation or dermal exposure.
0.2.10 GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Renal effects (acute renal tubular necrosis,
proteinuria, or hematuria) occur infrequently following
acute exposure to petroleum distillates and other
unsubstituted hydrocarbons.
B) Some studies have reported an increased risk of
glomerulonephritis following long term inhalation
and/or dermal exposure to various hydrocarbons. Acute
renal failure and other renal effects have been
reported in some chronic glue, solvent, or paint
sniffers. Exposures in addition to hydrocarbons can not
be ruled out in many of these reports.
C) Many halogenated hydrocarbons are nephrotoxic. Examples
of potentially nephrotoxic halogenated hydrocarbons
include chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene
dichloride, tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene (infrequently reported) and
tetrachloroethylene (weakly nephrotoxic).
0.2.13 HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic
anemia and pancytopenia have occasionally been reported
following vapor inhalation, aspiration, or ingestion of
hydrocarbons. Benzene is a bone marrow toxin. Chronic
benzene exposure has been associated with acute
leukemia.
B) Contaminants or additives can cause hematologic
abnormalities. Examples include, aniline and
nitrobenzene (methemoglobinemia).
0.2.15 MUSCULOSKELETAL
0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Subcutaneous injection of paint, lacquer or other
material via high pressure spray guns is a surgical
emergency. High-pressure injection injuries can result
in necrosis and thrombosis with amputation required in
60 to 80 percent of cases.
B) High pressure injection of paints and solvents can
cause significant tissue injury despite a relatively
benign initial presentation.
C) Rhabdomyolysis has occasionally been reported in
chronic glue or paint sniffers and in a case of
prolonged inhalational exposure to mineral spirits.
Muscle necrosis, compartment syndrome and/or sterile
abscess have been reported following hydrocarbon
injection.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
A) In a prospective study in Toronto, major congenital
malformations were noted in 13 of 125 fetuses of mothers
exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy.
Laboratory:
A) PURE PETROLEUM DISTILLATE INGESTION -
1) Monitor ABGs, chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and pulmonary
function tests in symptomatic patients (dyspnea,
tachypnea, wheezing, retractions, persistent coughing).
B) OTHER HYDROCARBON EXPOSURES -
1) In cases of significant inhalational abuse, chlorinated
hydrocarbon exposure, prolonged unconsciousness and
hypoxia, prolonged and extensive dermal exposure to
liquid hydrocarbon, or hydrocarbon injection:
a) Monitor CBC, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function
tests in patients with significant exposure.
b) Monitor fluids and electrolytes.
c) Monitor arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry,
pulmonary function tests, and chest x-ray in patients
with significant exposure.
2) BENZENE -
a) This agent may produce abnormalities of the
hematopoietic system. Monitor the complete blood count
in patients with significant exposure.
C) CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES/PESTICIDES -
1) LEAD LEVELS -
a) Blood lead levels may be useful if exposure to
tetraethyl lead-containing gasoline is suspected.
2) METHEMOGLOBIN LEVELS -
a) Monitor for methemoglobinemia in cyanotic patients who
do not respond to supplemental oxygen, and who may have
been exposed to hydrocarbons which contain nitrobenzene
or aniline.
Treatment Overview:
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE
A) Refer to Range of Toxicity for a detailed listing of
toxic and non-toxic chemicals for which gastric
decontamination may be recommended or contraindicated.
B) PURE PETROLEUM DISTILLATES - Gastric decontamination is
not indicated in the majority of accidental ingestions,
since systemic toxicity is unlikely from a pure
petroleum distillate.
C) OTHER HYDROCARBONS
1) Gastric decontamination may be indicated if a large
amount of a toxic hydrocarbon has been ingested (e.g.,
suicide attempt) and if spontaneous vomiting has not
occurred. Decontamination may also be indicated for
ingestions of highly toxic hydrocarbons (e.g.,
halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride) and for
hydrocarbons which contain very toxic additives (e.g.,
heavy metals, pesticides).
2) The decision to decontaminate should be based on the
toxicity of the agent, the volume ingested, time of
ingestion and patient's clinical status. The potential
for rapid CNS depression, with seizures and/or
respiratory depression, must be considered.
D) GASTRIC ASPIRATION - Gastric emptying may increase the
risk of aspiration in some cases. Some clinicians prefer
activated charcoal alone instead of gastric lavage in
patients who require GI decontamination.
1) Gastric aspiration may be used after endotracheal
intubation for drowsy or stuporous patients shortly
after ingestion of a large volume of hydrocarbon or
shortly after ingestion of hydrocarbons which contain
very toxic additives.
2) Use a small flexible nasogastric tube to aspirate
gastric contents; instillation of water to lavage the
stomach is probably not worthwhile.
E) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL - Activated charcoal adsorbs
kerosene, turpentine and benzene in vitro and in
animals. Activated charcoal may be indicated in patients
who have coingested an adsorbable toxic substance.
1) Activated charcoal may cause vomiting, which may
increase the risk of aspiration. Consider only after
ingestion of large amounts of a hydrocarbon with the
potential for severe systemic toxicity (e.g.,
halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride) and for
hydrocarbons which contain very toxic additives (e.g.,
heavy metals, pesticides).
2) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry
(240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g
in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE
A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist
ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled
beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE
A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of room temperature water for at least 15
minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a
health care facility.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE
A) OVERVIEW
1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
2) Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by
absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe
patients with dermal exposure for the development of
any systemic signs or symptoms and administer
symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Range of Toxicity:
A) Less than 1 mL of some hydrocarbons directly aspirated
into the lungs in animals has produced severe
pneumonitis.
GENTS
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
Much controversy surrounds different aspects of treatment: the
induction of vomiting, nasogastric lavage, administration of oils to
thicken the petroleum distillate, administration of prophylactic
steroids, and the use of antibiotics. /Petroleum distillates/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Acute neurotoxic effects of petroleum ether include restlessness
and ataxia. Chronic effects include motor polyneuropathy and CNS
depression. /From table/
... Examined various aspects of the acute toxicity of 10 samples of
petroleum solvents that contained components representative of the
range of hydrocarbons found in commercial petroleum solvents
/described in table/ ... findings ... showed that all the solvents
tested could be considered of low hazard to health unless aspirated or
inhaled in extremely high concentrations. Aromatic solvents were more
toxic than non-aromatic materials, the dose of solvent required to
kill 50% of rats, when administered orally or percutaneously, being
lower for aromatic than for non-aromatic solvents. Skin and eye
irritancy were also greater with aromatic solvents. The toxicity of
the vapors could not be compared, because the volatility of samples
varied greatly. All solvents induced similar toxic effects, whatever
the route of administration, including CNS depression (characterized
by incoordination, prostration, and coma) followed by death.
Convulsions sometimes occurred. All solvents caused skin and eye
irritation though, in general, as the chain length of the non-aromatic
solvents increased their irritant properties decreased. Repeated skin
exposure led to skin irritation and necrosis with all solvents.
/Petroleum solvents/
Mature female Wistar rats were exposed to petroleum solvents vapor
properties not given) at a concn of 300 + or - 8.2 mg/m3 for 30-45
days, for 4 hr/day. The serotonin content of the myometrium in exposed
rats equalled 75.7 + or - 2.6 ug/kg compared with 68.47 + or - 2.5
ug/kg in the control group. Uterine contractions were more numerous
and stronger in exposed animals. The level of solvent in the venous
blood was 2.0 + or - 0.4 mg/l. In the uterine tissues it was almost
twice as high (3.8 + or - 0.6 mg/kg). The increase in serotonin
content in the organism could cause disturbances in the transport of
the fertilized egg cell and the nidation, and subsequently, early
abortion ... . /Petroleum solvents/
Tests for teratogenicity induced by inhalation of high and low
doses of ... rubber solvent ... were all negative /Rats; rubber
solvent/
...VARIOUS LIQUID HYDROCARBONS OF PETROLEUM CAUSE LITTLE OR NO
INJURY ON DIRECT EXTERNAL CONTACT WITH THE EYE. /PETROLEUM PRODUCTS/
A white spirit/naphtha, three kerosines, two gas oils and a
catalytically cracked light cycle oil (LCO) were applied topically to
mice three times a week for up to 6 weeks and skin changes were
examined histopathologically at intervals. The changes within 1 week
of treatment appeared to depend on the effect that the physicochemical
properties of each type of product had on their penetration through
the skin surface or via hair follicles. With white spirit the most
prominent change was widespread epidermal necrosis occurring after the
second treatment implying that the lowest boiling point materials
penetrate mainly through the surface epidermis. The earliest effects
with kerosines were within and around hair follicles with epidermal
degeneration developing later suggesting a predominance of follicular
entry. Gas oils and LCO produced similar changes to kerosines within 1
week, gas oils producing a slower and less severe response and LCO a
more severe response. In skin examined after 1-6 weeks of treatment
with all middle distillates repeated cycles of necrosis and healing
responses were evident; this implied that once the epidermal barrier
layer had been damaged follicular entry became less important. The
severity of the skin changes observed with these middle distillates
was probably sufficient for skin tumors to arise by a non-genotoxic
mechanism if a similar treatment regime was used in a long-term skin
painting study. A method of avoiding excessive skin irritation is
therefore essential if such a study in order to obtain a reliable
prediction of the human hazard of such materials.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral >25 ml/kg bw /Special boiling range 65-75 deg C
solvents, from table/
LC50 Rat inhalation 73,680 ppm for 4 hr /Special boiling range
65-75 deg C solvents, from table/
LD50 Rabbit percutaneous 4 hr >5.0 mg/kg bw /Special boiling range
65-75 deg C solvents, from table/
Ongoing Test Status:
The NTP Toxicology Research and Testing Program releases a
Management Status Report on a quarterly basis. This report gives the
status of chemicals studied, under study, or proposed for study by
NTP. The 07/11/2001 issue indicates that the laboratory study report
in preparation of the two year study for stoddard solvent is in
progress. Route: inhalation; Species: rats and mice.
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
The highly volatile C-5, C-6, and C-7 paraffins, cycloparaffins,
and aromatic hydrocarbons readily pass across the alveolar membrane
/of rats/ into the bloodstream and are transported within minutes to
the CNS. Longer-chain homologues can, to a certain extent, also pass
the alveolar membrane, but their principal effects is local.
/Petroleum solvents/
The elimination of the lower-boiling solvents (SBP type) in both
animals and man is usually /rapid/ and mainly occurs via the
respiratory tract. /Petroleum solvents/
Pharmacology:
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Petroleum ether is a mixture of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers
predominately in the range of C5 through C6, which have boiling point
ranges of 38 to 93 degrees C. The hydrocarbons used for the estimation
of petroleum ether's chemical properties were cyclopentane, pentane,
cyclohexane, isohexane, and 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane. Petroleum
ether's use as a solvent and pharmaceutic aid may result in its
release to the environment through various waste streams. If released
to water, volatilization of petroleum ether will be rapid with
estimated half-lives of 2.5 to 2.7 hours and 3.3 to 3.7 days from a
model environmental river and a model lake, respectively. Adsorption
to sediment will vary based on estimated Koc values of 81 to 650.
Bioconcentration of petroleum ether in aquatic organisms may not be an
important fate process. Petroleum ether is expected to biodegrade
quickly in soil and aquatic conditions. If released to the atmosphere,
petroleum ether will exist primarily in the vapor phase. Vapor-phase
petroleum ether will degrade in the atmosphere by reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with estimated half-lives
of approximately 4 to 8 days. Removal of atmospheric petroleum ether
may occur through wet deposition. If released to soil, petroleum ether
is expected to have low to high mobility based on estimated Koc values
of 81 to 650. Volatilization of petroleum ether is expected from both
moist and dry soils. Occupational exposure to petroleum ether can
occur through inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure to hydrocarbons, such as petroleum ether, can
occur through inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion(1). Personnel
exposure to petroleum ether through various normal household
activities and for small businesses in ppm are as follows: average
material handling, 0.46; average laboratory, 0.09 (both for a
large-scale hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facility); varnishing/sealing household wooden doors, 34.74; activity
in a paint mixing booth, 0.16; automotive brake and rotor cleaning,
0.314; emptying/cleaning fuel oil holding tank, 0.17; and refinishing
furniture, 2.872; concentrations in various work area monitoring
results in ppm are as follows: average work area vapor concentration
(for a large-scale hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facility), 0.22; paint booth mixing room, 0.068; wooden door
staining-room, 18.721; household remodeling - bathroom, 0.1; and
household paint stripping-room, 7.326(2).
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-3) has statistically estimated that 387,363
workers are potentially exposed to petroleum ether in the USA(1).
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Petroleum ether is a mixture of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers
predominately in the range of C5 through C6, which have boiling point
ranges of 38 to 93 degrees C(1). Petroleum ether's use as a
pharmaceutic aid(2) and solvent for varnishing or sealing
wood/furniture, automotive brake and rotor cleaning, fuel oil tank
cleaning, and painting(3) may result in its release to the environment
through various waste streams(SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Petroleum ether will have low to high mobility(1)
in soil based on estimated Koc values of 81 to 650(2,SRC).
Volatilization of petroleum ether is expected from both moist and dry
soils based on estimated Henry's Law constants of 0.19 to 1.7 atm-cu
m/mol(3,SRC) and an estimated vapor pressure of 35 mm Hg(4,SRC).
Petroleum ether will biodegrade in soil conditions based on a variety
of biodegradation studies(5,6,SRC).
AQUATIC FATE: Volatilization of petroleum ether from water is rapid
based upon estimated Henry's Law constants of 0.19 to 1.7 atm-cu
m/mol, using cyclopentane and isohexane(1,2,SRC). Volatilization
half-lives from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind
velocity of 3 m/sec) and a model lake (1 meter deep) can be estimated
to be 2.5 to 2.7 hours(2,SRC) and 3.3 to 3.7 days(2,SRC),
respectively. Adsorption to sediment will vary based on a wide range
of estimated Koc values from 81 to 650(3,SRC). Bioconcentration of
petroleum ether in aquatic organisms is not expected to be an
important fate process because of the expected moderate water
solubility of petroleum ether fractions(SRC). Petroleum ether will
biodegrade in natural waters based on a variety of biodegradation
studies(4,5,SRC).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on an estimated vapor pressure of
approximately 35 mm Hg at 25 deg C(1), and a suggested classification
scheme(2), petroleum ether will exist primarily in the vapor phase in
the atmosphere(SRC). It will degrade in the ambient atmosphere by
reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with
estimated half-lives of 4 to 8 days based on cyclohexane and
pentane(1,SRC). Removal of atmospheric petroleum ether may occur
through wet deposition(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
Oxidation of petroleum ether in a normal town sewage, active silt
(6 mg/L) and prepurified petroleum containing sewage mixture was 82
and 93 percent after 24 and 48 hours, respectively(1). However,
poisoning of the silt organisms occurred after 48 hours(1). The ratios
of BOD5/COD and BOD5/TOC were 1.29 and 1.04, respectively, after 7
days, corresponding to a removal of COD and TOC of 79 and 85
percent(2).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
Petroleum ether is classified as reactive and volatile and will
participate in smog formation(1). Using a structure estimation
method(2) the rate constants for the vapor phase reaction of petroleum
ether with photochemically produced OH radicals has been estimated to
be 4.05X10-12 cu cm/molecule(SRC), based on pentane and cyclohexane,
which correspond to atmospheric half-lives of 4 to 8 days at an
atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu
cm(2,SRC).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
Based upon estimated water solubilities of 32 to 107 mg/l, for
1,1-dimethylcyclopentane and cyclopentane(1), the bioconcentration
factor for petroleum ether is in the range of 44 to 88 from a
regression derived equation(1). According to these estimated
bioconcentration factors, bioconcentration of petroleum ether in
aquatic organisms is not expected to be an important fate
process(SRC).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity
indexes, the Koc for petroleum ether can be estimated to be about 81
to 213 using pentane and 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane(1). Based upon
estimated water solubilities of 32 to 107 mg/l(2,SRC), the Koc for
petroleum ether can be estimated to be 330 to 650 using benzene and
1,1-dimethylcyclopentane. According to a suggested classification
scheme(3), these estimated Koc values suggest that petroleum ether
components have high to low soil mobility(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for petroleum ether can be estimated to be
0.19 to 1.7 atm-cu m/mole, for cyclopentane and isohexane, using a
structure estimation method(1). These Henry's Law constant values
indicate that petroleum ether volatilizes rapidly from water(2). Based
on these Henry's Law constants, the volatilization half-lives from a
model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec)
can be estimated to be about 2.5 to 2.7 hours(2,SRC). The
volatilization half-life from a model environmental lake (1 meter
deep) can be estimated to be about 3.3 to 3.7 days(2,SRC).
Effluent Concentrations:
On site contamination of petroleum ether has been reported in
groundwater through leachate from the Onalaska, Wisconsin municipal
landfill, however, no concentrations were reported(1).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
UNKNOWN
Color/Form:
Clear, colorless liquid
Reddish-brown mobile liquid.
Odor:
Gasoline odor
Aromatic odor.
Boiling Point:
38-93 deg C
Density/Specific Gravity:
0.6 (water= 1)
Solubilities:
Miscible with absolute alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon
disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and oils except castor oil
Vapor Density:
2.5 (air= 1)
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Does not solidify in the cold
Boiling Point: 95-140 deg F (35-60 deg C)
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by
heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors
are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low
or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard
indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P"
may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff
to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode
when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be
transported hot.
Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn
skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic
gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire
control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ...
Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters
(80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before
entering.
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective
clothing will only provide limited protection.
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved
in a fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also,
consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions.
Fire: Caution: All these products have a very low flash point: Use
of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry
chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. Large fires: Water spray,
fog or regular foam. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight
streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum
distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool
containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is
out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety
devices or discoloration of tank. Always stay away from tanks engulfed
in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor
nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Spill or leak: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares,
sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling
the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled
material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into
waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing
foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth,
sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use
clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may
reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical
service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate
contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance,
immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20
minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved,
and take precautions to protect themselves.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Petroleum naphtha vapor is an irritant of the mucous membranes and
respiratory tract. /Petroleum naptha/
Fire Potential:
Highly flammable
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 1. 1= Materials that, on exposure, would cause irritation,
but only minor residual injury, including those requiring the use of
an approved air-purifying respirator. These materials are only
slightly hazardous to health and only breathing protection is needed.
Flammability: 4. 4= This degree includes flammable gases,
pyrophoric liquids, and Class IA flammable liquids. The preferred
method of fire attack is to stop the flow of material or to protect
exposures while allowing the fire to burn itself out.
Reactivity: 0. 0= This degree includes materials that are normally
stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react
with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
Flammable Limits:
Lower: 1.1%; upper: 5.9%
Flash Point:
Less than 0 deg F (less than -18 deg C) (Closed cup)
Autoignition Temperature:
550 deg F (288 deg C)
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical
Explosive Limits & Potential:
The vapors mixed with air explode if ignited.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizers.
Prior History of Accidents:
SURFACE WATER: In 1991, 210 gallons of petroleum ether were
released into Newark Bay and its major tributaries(1).
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
1000 ppm [10% LEL - the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower
explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant
toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or
impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Goggles or face shield.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 1000
ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a
continuous flow mode. Eye protection is needed. Any chemical cartridge
respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any
air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style,
front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any powered,
air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s). Eye
protection is needed. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a
full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or
planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator
Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full
facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive
pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator with a full face piece and
operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in
combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus
operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from
suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any
air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style,
front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any appropriate
escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin
contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Preventive Measures:
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes
contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should
be removed and replaced.
Stability/Shelf Life:
Volatile
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for
transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in
conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed,
described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as
required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49
CFR 171-177)./
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic
principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed
recommendations for individual substances and a number of
recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing
with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been
compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to
locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any
substance or article.
Storage Conditions:
Keep tightly closed in a cool place and away from fire.
Cleanup Methods:
1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak.
3. For small quant, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place
(such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to
completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable
location away from combustible materials. Large quant can be collected
and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber. Petroleum distillates
should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer,
because of the possibility of an explosion.
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial
(sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant
revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue
(including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory
agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Petroleum distillates may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable
combustion chamber.
Incineration: Dispose of the adsorbed material or free waste liquid
by incineration or via a licensed solvent disposal company.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 100
ppm (400 mg/cu m).
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 400 ppm.
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure
levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of
30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they
exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not
exceeded.
1000 ppm [10% LEL - the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower
explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant
toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or
impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
SOLVENT IN PAINT & VARNISH INDUSTRY; MEDICINAL
AGENT-COUNTERIRRITANT
Used in the manufacture of Pearl glue as an extractant
As a solvent for varnishing or sealing wood/furniture, automotive
brake and rotor cleaning, fuel oil tank cleaning, and painting.
Manufacturers:
AMOCO OIL CO (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), CHICAGO, IL 60601
APCO OIL CORP (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73101
CPS CHEM CO (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), OLD BRIDGE, NJ 08857
CHARTER INTERNAT'L OIL CO (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), CHARTER CHEMS,
HOUSTON, TX 77012
CITIES SERVICE OIL CO (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), TULSA, OK 74102
CROWLEY CHEM CO (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), NEW YORK, NY 10016
CROWLEY TAR PRODUCTS CO, INC (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), NEW YORK, NY 10016
EXXON CO USA (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), HOUSTON, TX 77001
GETTY REFINING & MARKETING CO (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), TULSA, OK 74102
PIERCE & STEVENS CHEM CORP (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), BUFFALO, NY 14240
SUN PETROLEUM PROD CO (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103
UNION OIL CO OF CALIF (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), UNION CHEM DIV,
SHAUMBERG, IL 60196
WITCO CHEM CORP (NAPHTHA SOLVENTS), KENDELL/AMALIE DIV, BRADFORD,
PA 16701
Atlantic Richfield Co, ARCO Chem CO Div, 260 Broad St,
Philadelphia, PA 19101
Skelly Oil Co, Kansas City, MO 64141
Union Oil Co of California, Amsco Div, 3100 S Meacham Rd, Palatine
Rd, IL 60067
Methods of Manufacturing:
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM (BENZIN IS THE LOW BOILING
FRACTION OF PETROLEUM WHICH CONSISTS MOSTLY OF PENTANES & HEXANES)
Source (by various cracking processes) of gasoline, special
naphthas, petroleum chemicals, especially ethylene. Cracking for
ethylene also produces propylene, butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline, and
fuel oil, source of synthetic natural gas.
Formulations/Preparations:
Available with less than 8% aromatic content
U. S. Exports:
(1972) 9.75X10+8 GRAMS (NAPHTHA SOLVENT)
(1975) 7.60X10+9 GRAMS (NAPHTHA SOLVENT)
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
Analyte: petroleum distillate; matrix: air; procedure: adsorption
on charcoal, desorption with carbon disulfide, gas chromatography;
range: 937-3930 mg/cu m. /Petroleum distillate/
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH Method #1550, analyte: naphtha, hydrocarbons; matrix: air;
procedure: adsorption on coconut shell charcoal, desorption with
carbon disulfide, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection;
range: 0.5-10 mg/sample; estimated LOD: 0.1 mg/sample. /Naphthas/
Special References:
Special Reports:
Lehman-McKeeman LD; Male Rat Specific Hydrocarbon Nephropathy in
Hook JB, Goldstein RS (eds). Target Organ Toxicology Series:
Toxicology of the Kidney 2nd ed. 558 pp. Raven Press, NY, NY (1993)
U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances
Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Stoddard Solvent (1995)
NTIS# PB/95/264263
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
AROMATIC SOLVENT **PEER REVIEWED**
BENZIN **PEER REVIEWED**
BENZINE **PEER REVIEWED**
BENZOLINE **PEER REVIEWED**
CANADOL **PEER REVIEWED**
HERBITOX **PEER REVIEWED**
HI-FLASH NAPHTHAYETHYLEN **PEER REVIEWED**
HYDROFINING **PEER REVIEWED**
HYDROREFINING **PEER REVIEWED**
LIGHT LIGROIN **PEER REVIEWED**
LIGROIN **PEER REVIEWED**
MINERAL SPIRITS **PEER REVIEWED**
MINERAL SPIRITS NO 10 **PEER REVIEWED**
MINERAL THINNER **PEER REVIEWED**
MINERAL TURPENTINE **PEER REVIEWED**
NAPHTHA **PEER REVIEWED**
NAPHTHA, PETROLEUM **PEER REVIEWED**
NAPTHA, VM AND P **PEER REVIEWED**
PAINTERS' NAPHTHA **PEER REVIEWED**
PETROLEUM BENZIN **PEER REVIEWED**
PETROLEUM DISTILLATES (NAPHTHA) **PEER REVIEWED**
REFINED SOLVENT NAPHTHA **PEER REVIEWED**
Rubber solvent **PEER REVIEWED**
SKELLY-SOLVE-F **PEER REVIEWED**
SKELLY-SOLVE H **PEER REVIEWED**
SKELLY-SOLVE R **PEER REVIEWED**
SKELLY-SOLVE S **PEER REVIEWED**
SKELLY-SOLVE S-66 **PEER REVIEWED**
SOLVENT NAPHTHA **PEER REVIEWED**
STODDARD SOLVENT **PEER REVIEWED**
VARNISH MAKERS' AND PAINTERS' NAPHTHA **PEER REVIEWED**
VARNISH MAKERS' NAPHTHA **PEER REVIEWED**
VARSOL **PEER REVIEWED**
VM AND P NAPHTHA **PEER REVIEWED**
WHITE SPIRIT **PEER REVIEWED**
WHITE SPIRITS **PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
Available with less than 8% aromatic content
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1271; Petroleum ether
IMO 3.1; Petroleum ether
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 2892
Last Revision Date: 20030124
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/16/1996
Update History:
Complete Update on 01/24/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/2002, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/10/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/24/1999, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/17/1996, 19 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/06/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/29/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/07/1996, 48 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/26/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/24/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/30/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/07/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/01/1994, 29 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/02/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 04/16/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 07/17/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/14/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/14/1986